Machu Picchu

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Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu spoken [mɑtʃu piktʃu], for "old peak") is a well-preserved ruins of the Inca, in 2360 meters altitude on a mountain above the Urubamba Valley in the Andean region of Peru in Cusco, 75 kilometers away northwest lies the city of Cusco.

General
The city contains 216 stone buildings, which were associated with a system of stairways. About 3,000 steps are still preserved, as well as the outer part of the multi-storey residential buildings. The purpose of this city are still controversial. There are over they have no traditions or scientific records, so only guesses can be made. More than 50 tombs have been discovered with more than 100 skeletons (reportedly more than 80 percent of them female, but recent studies have shown an equal distribution of sexes). Due to this discovery, initially developed the theory of a refuge of the Incas. More recently, this theory is no longer supported. Rather, it is assumed that Machu Picchu at the time of the Spanish conquest was still under construction. Since the construction work, but by the conquest of the Inca empire by the Spaniards could not be continued, was to leave the facility and then with the Indians has fallen into oblivion. Today it is estimated that the city had in its heyday can accommodate up to 1,000 people and supplies. The city, whose original name is unknown, was named after a nearby mountain peaks, between which lies the ruined city: Parts of the city, which are used for farming terraces at the foot of the "old peak" behind the other end of town extends the "young peak" (Huayna Picchu) sugarloaf in the sky. In the southeast lie about 15 kilometers from the ruins of the Inca city Llactapata.

Sunset of the Incas

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In April 1532, Francisco Pizarro landed on the Peruvian coast, and marched under observation by Incan scouts deep into the interior of the Inca Empire book. Already some years before the Incas have devastated for them new diseases (smallpox and measles), which had spread to Central America to the south and fatally ran. Pizarro found an empire that engaged in a fratricidal war between the brothers Huascar and Atahualpa was. The rapid expansion of the Incas and their forced deportation regime had caused an enormous discontent among the conquered peoples that contributed to the instability of the empire and uprisings of the peoples who now saw an opportunity for liberation, Pizarro was systematically used.

Atahualpa when the Spaniards arrived underestimated the danger they pose. On 15 November 1532 they were welcomed by Atahualpa in Cajamarca, which was widely backed by about 40,000 Inca soldiers, friendly negotiation. The Inca appeared with about 8,000 armed men and left to negotiate, mindful of its vast superiority in place and sit around, at the request of Pizarro weapons. This took advantage of Pizarro and his 159 companions for an ambush and captured Atahualpa, defeated the army of unarmed Incas destructive (Battle of Cajamarca) and massacred alongside the indigenous nobility, many generals of the Incas. The Incas were familiar with European weapons technology and tactics, not what gave the Spanish conquerors in two ways. The firearms, edged weapons and armor made of steel and the reportedly three guns they had with their early-bronze age weaponry, armor made of leather and cotton, bows, spears, lances, wooden maqana (both sides sharpened swords of palm-wood), starry dispute clubs, axes of Copper and oppose warak'a (stone-slings and arrows of three strings) Adequate nothing. Although they had the lasso and LIWI (boleadora) - belt with stones thrown to wrap around the legs of humans and animals so that they fall - but she knew neither horses, rode to where the attackers and their inspired fear, nor fighting dogs, of which the Spaniards are said to have carried numerous.

Atahualpa wanted to redeem themselves against a 50 m² large room full of gold and silver. To all the temples and treasuries have been looted of the empire. Caravans arrived from all parts of the empire, and often delivered the cult objects of entire tribes and villages which are now estimated at a value between 25 and 45 million euros. To melt down the gold and silver ornaments of the Incas, were burning furnaces 34 days long. The Spaniards plundered from the Incas, about 180,000 kg of gold and approximately 16 million kilograms of silver. Although Atahualpa was in the hands of the Spaniards, he still had power to command others stopped and gave the order to kill his brother, who was trapped in Cuzco, out of concern that could conspire against him with the Spaniards. Atahualpa was subsequently convicted in a show trial because of a bogus charge of polygamy, murder and idolatry of Diego de Almagro to death at the stake, which secured and his 150 cronies as a share of the spoils. Pizarro signed the a priori fixed sentence. Because Atahualpa wanted to secure his own immortality as a mummy, he endured a baptism, and became instead of by burning on 26 July 1533 by strangulation with the garrote, executed. The resistance of the Incas, then improved steadily. The previously conquered by the Inca tribes fought on the side of the conqueror, in the hope of thereby achieving their independence. On 15 November 1533 Pizarro reached the capital of Cuzco, which he could take without significant resistance.

1533 Pizarro began the half-brother Atahualpa, Manco Capac II, as a puppet of the Spaniards to the Sapa Inca. For fear of the troops, Atahualpa, in particular the General Quisquis, Manco Capac II allied himself first with Pizarro. But already 1536 he besieged the Spaniards in Cuzco with a force of 200,000 men as his army was cut off but the food in the food depots, she held the siege not. In disputes between Pizarro and Diego de Almagro beat his Manco Capac II, then on the side of Almagro. After Almagro in the Battle of Las Salinas, 26 April 1538 was defeated by Hernando Pizarro and executed in July of that year, drew Manco Capac II, with his followers on the eastern slopes of the Andes, could destroy all the bridges behind him and tried to the Spanish invaders by a kind of guerrilla war from the legendary Vilcabamba to provide for resistance. Pizarro was a trailer Almagro, 26 Murdered in June 1541. Another group of Almagro's followers had cut himself on the run from Pizarro, Manco Capac II, and was treated and entertained by this. 1544 refugees murdered the Inca rulers, because they are still hoping for the favor of the party Almargos (Almargo been killed in the meantime, so they ingratiate himself with his son wanted to). The sons of Manco Capac II, Sayri and Titu Cusi Tupac Yupanqui, led the fight continues.

After her death, her half-brother, Tupac Amaru came to power. During the expedition, the Spaniards occupied on 24 July 1572, the first in the 20th Century rediscovered Vilcabamba. Tupac Amaru was indeed already fled, but his location was betrayed and captured the last Inca. On 24 September 1572 he was executed by beheading in Cuzco. According to legend, the Inca nobility should have escaped and have withdrawn to the lost city of Paititi.

Heyday of the Inca Empire

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During the reign of Pachacuti 1438 to 1471 he extended his rule in the Central Andes to Lake Titicaca in Junín, Arequipa and the coast. The kingdom Tawantinsuyu (Quechua: "four areas belong together," tawa "four", tawantin "fourfold" suyu "Country"; hispanisiert: Tahuantinsuyo) was allocated to the four quarters, its flag was the rainbow flag and Cuzco developed in 1438 to ritual, political and cultural center.

Pachacuti was in the area of agricultural terraces for growing maize to create in order to ensure that the supplying of the population. The rivers and canals Saphi Tullumayu which led through the entire city, provided the residents with fresh water and kept it clean.

Tupac Yupanqui, took over in 1471 as the tenth Sapa Inca Empire from the reign of his father. Under his leadership, the Incas won the greatest extent. Through conquest he was able to incorporate the area between the present-day Ecuador in Quito and Santiago in Chile today the Tahuantinsuyo. One of his generals made around 1473 on a campaign against hostile nations conquer the lowlands east of the Andes in the Montaña jungle with the intention of the Amazon. After he got stuck in the rough terrain, however, surrounded by hostile nations, he returned in haste to Cuzco, to quell a rebellion. Under his rule the east slopes of the Andes have been fixed. The Inca Guacane, a descendant of the Inca Huayna Capac, erected by his command on the eastern slopes of the Andes, the fort Fuerte de Samaipata in which he housed some of his wives whom he had protected by eunuchs and soldiers. Nevertheless, it succeeded in Chiriguano under the leadership of their chief Grigotá, the Inca put to flight, killing the eunuch to burn the fortress and the concubines, and virgins of the sun to delay. The Incas took their revenge by sending an army retook the Samaipata, began rebuilding the fort and part of their "Maginot Line" on the eastern slopes of the Andes made to protect itself from incursions of the lowland tribes.

High dignitaries of the losing tribes initially retained key management functions. Her sons, however, they had to send to Cuzco, where they received training and indoctrination within the meaning of the Inca and served them as a hostage. Thus, the Incas were responsible for inner peace, and by repeated propaganda has been the underdog all benefits provided emphatically revealed. Tupac Yupanqui ordered the four provinces of the empire in sub-province of every 10,000 households (hunu) members, who were divided into groups of 5,000, 1,000, 500, 100 and 50 tax-paying households, which in turn are divided again into ten units (Chunka) were. The larger units were headed by officials of the Inca bureaucracy, presided over the smaller of the local nobility. The perfection of the decimal in a stiffened by extreme ethnic, linguistic and cultural differentiation marked population with a complex mosaic of political rights the central penetration, the other also reduced the privileges of the traditional aristocracy, which gradually established a system of massive resistance to civil servants and the occasional angry " natural province of men "led.

After the murder of Tupac Yupanquis erupted between his two closest widows a bitter rivalry over the succession of their sons, which was fought with all means of court intrigue to the Civil War until the eleventh Sapa Inca Huayna Capac took over the kingdom in 1493. He moved his headquarters to Tomibamba (Cuenca (Ecuador)), where he sired a total of more than 200 sons and daughters. To further rebellions in the border areas of attention, he sought further expansion in the north to the Río Ancasmayo. As practiced the martial Cara or Caragui strains in northern Ecuador delaying tactics, have been tremendous amount fortresses built with stone ramparts as a base of operations. In his last years, he received the message yet by bearded white men on board ships.

Huayna Capac was succeeded by his son wishes Cuyochi Ninan, who had always lived on the side of his father and accompanied him on his campaigns. But together with a quarter of a million people died shortly before his father died of an epidemic. Recent decided to Huayna Capac divided the empire between his two sons. Atahualpa was the northern region, he resided in Cajamarca during Huáscar the southern part of Cuzco was a seat of government. Huayna Capac died in 1527.

Although the brothers, their father on his deathbed insured to share the kingdom, it soon led to civil war. Atahualpa, who had already come into Tomibamba to the world, came from the marriage of his father with Tocto coca, the last surviving princess of the dynasty of the Scyrs from Quito, Ecuador. Until then he had lived with his father always in the north. Huascar, who had spent his life in Cuzco and whose mother was a nurse Ruahua Ocllo, Huayna Capac and daughter Tupac Yupanquis, looked at after the death of Ninan Cuyochis as the only legitimate son of the Incas. Huáscar wanted to take advantage of the situation, distributed plenty of precious gifts to the nobility, gave away beautiful Acllas and destroyed his potential political opponents, tortured, or thrown into prison, set a new high priest (for the incumbent Villac Umu knew the decrees Huayna Capac, near which he always) and was asked to tradition, his mother at his sister's hand Chuqui Huipa since, according to custom, the enthronement of the Inca was always associated with the marriage of the emperor with his sister. But his mother did not appreciate his methods, so they rejected Huáscar advertising. With the support of the clergy succeeded in Huascar, however, describe the courtship as a command of the gods, so that his mother could not refuse. Atahualpa, meanwhile basked in the majority support of the generals. Unlike Huáscar he had not a make-Inca nobles appointed general, but with Challconchime and Quisquis and their field commanders Rumiñawi and Ukumari fanatical warriors from the north who together with him the dominion over the whole Tahuantinsuyo aspired.

Huascar was defeated after heavy fighting the battle-hardened troops from the army, the Northern Territory in 1532. He was captured while, many of his closest relatives brutally murdered and their bodies in piles on the streets put on display. Atahualpa's generals followed the entire aristocracy of the Incas. Result was not only the almost complete extinction of the royal ayllu, including women and infants, but also of the priesthood, the highest official in Amautu (Inca scholar), and even the Quipucamayoc (Knotenschriftkundige). After Atahualpa Pizarro had already fallen into captivity, he ordered the execution of his brother Huascar. As a demonstration of his power Atahualpa used the skull of his brother as a drinking vessel. Thus although he was absolute ruler of the entire Inca empire, but had the absolute authority of the Incas caused an irreparable damage.

Inca Overview

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The fascination of the Inca culture is based not least the fact that those indigenous cultures that produced an urban culture with stone products, special attention will be given. The Inca culture, however, was predominantly a peasant civilization, in an age-old cultural landscape for generations to some extent already developed agricultural, cultural and power tactics based and which allowed only a very small aristocratic ruling elite one complex, urban lifestyle.

Here, the legitimacy of their power was based not least because the tribute and labor of the peasant otherwise economically self-sufficient communities largely dominated by them to supply the population in the climatic, topographical and vegetative radically different environmental zones, to bridge the frequent floods, droughts and other disasters and redistribution of supplies to the army during the frequent military campaigns. Signs of deficiency or even malnutrition during the Inca period were in a study to determine any investigation body.

The Incas spoke Quechua (Runa Simi = "language of men"), used the knot-writing Quipu (Khipu), which expressed only numbers and the Tocapu patterns that have been woven into textiles and which is not yet certain whether it is a writing act. Since the Incas knew no money, they developed no taxes in the European sense. Instead, they developed a bureaucratic state that settles through comprehensive, accurate, statistical records, all services and needs, all the resources, tribute obligations and their distribution and voted together. Correspondence to the state services have been rendered so by a strictly organized in a collective work: One-third of their working time had to work for the people of Inti, the sun cult, another third for the Inca, in other words, the ruling aristocracy and the military. The last third of their time went to the benefit of their family, the elderly, the sick, widows, orphans and the needy. Nobles, officials and priests possessed privileges, were exempted from military service and field and from any state fees. The nobility could wear golden ornaments. While farmers were obliged, when he reaches the twentieth year to entering into a monogamous marriage, the nobility were allowed to live in polygamy.

The Inca rulers, and particularly their ancestors worshiped the sun god Inti addition, the creator god Viracocha and the earth goddess Pachamama as divine. While all the other men had been expressly forbidden to her sister, mother, cousin, aunt or niece to marry, married to the Inca king when he took office in reference to his mythical home his sister, which has become Quya (Coya), to the queen. The Sapa Inca married a rule in addition to his sister, the daughters of important princes of the conquered territories. His future successor was chosen by only the sons of the Inca Coya, where he was advised of twenty councils designated as relatives, with the first-born did not have a superior claim to the succession.

The Sapa Inca traveled in a sedan chair through his realm. Before him, one could only appear barefoot. Even the highest dignitaries had to approach the monarch as a sign of humility, at least a symbolic load. The Sapa Inca took in a demonstrative audience apathy, in which he was not responding directly to his interlocutors. He hid his personality behind a wall or his face behind a precious substance. On his head he wore as a sign of his royal dignity, the Maskaypacha or Maskapaycha, a band related to the purple Llawt'u (Llautu), provided a long forehead tassel was. His artfully crafted robes, he wore only once each. The clothing worn was collected as well as his food remains carefully and burned each year at a big celebration.

The engineers, roads and bridges contributed, given the limited technological possibilities remarkable work, which the 60-meter-long suspension bridge over the River Apurímac the 4000 kilometers long and 8 meters wide coast road and the 5200 kilometers long and 6 meters wide Andean illustrate road. Insurmountable rocks, such as steep as walls above Pisac, were overcome by a tunnel. On them Chaski (relay runners were on the road) that could transmit the messages in one day up to 400 km. The entire road of the Incas had an approximate length of 40,000 km and was thus larger than that of Rome. It was within walking distance used as mounts, wheel and car were not yet known. The architects built from heavy representational, cyclopean granite stones that they fit seamlessly together and warped by the frequent earthquakes mostly without prejudice (not survived) the destruction of the Spaniards. The arch she knew not.

The Inca has already conducted successful operations on the skull and used to that in Europe and Africa by Stone Age peoples used trepanation and the scraping technique. Tools and weapons were made of copper and bronze. Iron was unknown. They controlled the weaving of fine clothes and put vicuña and alpaca ago. There were specific rules on the design of clothing stalls. The found ceramic objects have simple, colorful patterns on and do not have the playfulness of earlier cultures. They played on the ocarina, a wind instrument made of clay, but also on Quenas (qina), Andean flutes from bamboo, from the Jaguar or human bone produced Piruru or Pan or shepherd's flute Antara, which is made from cane or baked clay, and small Belly drums in their celebrations and festivals. Called the housing of wing screws (Strombus), Pututu, which were regarded as daughters of the sea, were observed in acts of worship as a trumpet used to draw the attention of the Apus, the mountain gods, on the plight of the people. Festivals and religious ceremonies were accompanied by music and dance - art was, as in medieval Europe, a ritual expression of religion, spoke of war and heroic deeds of kings and curacas - not l'art pour l'art.

The great buildings, the vast road network and the accomplished artisan deserve special admiration, because this culture services, mostly by human muscle, therefore without a wheel, a car, without draft animals, like ox and horse, without a pulley, a potter's wheel, bellows, tongs, and no writing could be done .

To provide the conditions for a huge number of people of the mountains and to prevent famine were over thousands of years virtually all suitable slopes in populated areas and terraces irrigated by canals. Professionals (kamayuq) measured in circular, exactly from the rock beaten, various basin-deep depressions exactly the average amount of water and its evaporation. In addition to accurate weather observation provided them the data about the impending winds and storms. Surpluses from the tribute payments were stored in special storage, protecting the rain, which circulated the wind and thereby protected from decay. In some cases, potatoes freeze-dried. On the high terraces 20 varieties of maize (sara), 240 kinds of potatoes, beans, quinoa, amaranth, pumpkin, tomatoes, cassava, peppers, beans, avocados, papayas, peanuts and cashews, and mulberry plants were grown. As pets and pack animals they kept llamas, ducks, alpacas and guinea pigs, the latter mainly for human consumption (quechua: quwi, from Spanish cuy).

Inca

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Inca is known today as an indigenous urban culture in South America. Often referred to as only the respective ruling Inca people of this culture. They ruled between the 13th and 16 Century on a far-spanning empire of over 200 ethnic groups, which exhibited a high degree of organization. At its greatest extent about (950,000 sq. km) extended its influence from the present-day Ecuador to Chile and Argentina, a region whose size is greater than the distance between the North Cape to Sicily. Developmentally, the Incas are comparable to the Bronze Age civilizations of Eurasia. The ritual, administrative and cultural center was the capital Qusqu (Cusco) in the high mountains of Peru.

Originally, the term "Inca" the name of a tribe, came to his own view of the sun god Inti and the surroundings of Cusco populated meant. He later served as a ruling clan nobility of the same theocratic empire. From it recruited the clergy also and the officers of the Inca army. Sapa Inca ( 'the only Inca ") was the title of the Inca ruler of Tawantinsuyu (Land) of the four parts, Empire of the four quarters of the world" - as the self-designation of the Empire.

Tourism

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Machu Picchu is one of the biggest tourist attractions in South America. Daily average of about 2,000 people visit the attraction. UNESCO calls for a reduction to a maximum of 800 visitors, not to endanger the cultural heritage.

Since the Inca city in an inaccessible area and there is no road there, there was a railway line from Cuzco to Aguas Calientes, a village at the foot of the mountain of Machu Picchu built. Machu Picchu is reached most conveniently by Aguas Calientes made to: From the center in Aguas Calientes, a bus to good eight kilometers long winding route goes up to the citadel of Machu Picchu. This route, however, can travel on foot, small walkways with steps leading up to the switchbacks. At the end of the switchbacks, the immediate entrance of Machu Picchu is located and the hotel is "Sanctuary Lodge, which is part of the British hotel chain Orient-Express Hotels Trains & Cruises." The chain is also involved in the Hiram Bingham luxury train that runs between Cusczo and Aguas Calientes. To reach Machu Picchu on authentic ways that can on the Inca Trail (camino inca), a multi-day hike over several high passes of the Urubamba river (classic from kilometer 88, Variation 82 of square kilometers railway to Aguas Calientes), to Machu Picchu , where he has to get this to go through the Sun Gate to Machu Picchu was built, which lies close to the ruins of the settlement.

The ever-growing tourism pollutes the environment very much. UNESCO, therefore, vigorously defends itself against the planned construction of a cable car up from Aguas Calientes to Machu Picchu, whose completion would further increase the flow of tourists and would also increase the risk of landslip. On 10 April 2004 called for a landslide that partially paralyzed the railway line, eleven lives. By another landslide on 14 October 2005, the railway line over a distance of 400 meters, once again buried.

Significance Today

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UNESCO adopted in 1983 in Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List.

2007 Machu Picchu was elected under a private initiative, according to the organizers of world's 70 million people to the "new seven wonders." Both the UNESCO as the official custodian of world heritage as, for example, Egypt (Ancient Wonders: Pyramids Giza) distanced themselves from the private as a "campaign" without scientific criteria designated choice.

History

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The city was built around 1450, according to a theory of Pachacuti, a ruler of the Incas, who ruled from 1438 to 1471. He laid the foundations for the extension of the mighty Inca empire and introduced the cult of the sun god Inti. As the official date for the rediscovery of the year is often given 1911th In fact, there were previously many different "explorer", and the existence of the city has long been known to certain groups of people. Dr. John Rowe discovered a Spanish document of 1568, which the Inca Yupanki called former land owners Picho (Picchu). The same document states that products grown here were used as offerings.

Two documents discovered by the German engineer Christian Bues, who had settled in the Urubamba Valley to survey work, show that 1614 in the field of Salkantay (area of Machu Picchu), a border conflict broke out between different landowners. The area belonged to this time the root of the Cañaris, led by the cacique Don Francisco Poma Gualpa. The Cañaris were descendants of an Ecuadorian tribe (see Cañaris), which could hold up to 1849 in the area and then died out. It is believed that the Cañaris the guardians of Machu Picchu were. 1657 the Augustinian order temporarily leased the land to Machu Picchu, without taking note of the ruins themselves.

The only currently known document about the legendary Inca city is a deed from 1782, was discovered by the historian Professor Jose Uriel Garcia. On Sheet 20 of the handwritten log shows that Machu Picchu and the surrounding land was developed by the commander Marcos Antonio de la Camara y Escuerdo bought for 450 pesos. This has been authenticated by the notary notarized Ambrose de Lira. From the document shows that the name of the city of Machu Picchu was. It was not until Hiram Bingham (see below) created - wittingly or unwittingly - the mystery surrounding the true name of the city.

The Italian Antonio Raimondi, published 1865, a map, registered at the Machu Picchu and was especially marked. 1867 Machu Picchu was discovered by German Augusto Berns, who owned his company for this area gold mining rights.

In 1875 the Frenchman Nicolas came to Vienna to the Inca ruins of Ollantaytambo before, where he received from indigenous evidence that there should be more ruins at "Matcho Picchu. Through the rough and almost impassable Urubamba Valley struggled to Vienna in the near present-day Machu Picchu before, but failed shortly before the finish in a landslide. In 1874, was developed by the surveyor Herman Gohring drawn a map, marked on the Machu Picchu on the exact location is.

Since 1894, the name of Machu Picchu, everyone knows at least for the population in the Urubamba valley. Don Luis Bejar Ugarte could be in the same year by Augustin Lizarraga lead to Machu Picchu, which was 17 years later, under Hiram Bingham (see below) team. Lizzaraga Ugarte, and thereby discovered a tunnel breakthrough from the Inca period, which crosses the Rio Urubamba. This tunnel was rediscovered by the engineer Osvaldo Patiño Paez in 1930.

When in 1895 a mule track along the Urubamba River was blown up, was in Cusco, Machu Picchu in the Kitchen. On 14 July 1901 returned Lizzaraga back together with his friends, Don Enrique Palma of San Miguel and Gavino Sanchez from the Hacienda Collpani, to the Inca city. You scratched your name on the wall of the royal palace. At this time the Indigena Anacleto Alvarez lived in the area of Machu Picchu. He rented the terraces.

A few weeks before Bingham's expedition in 1911, the American Alberto Giesecke, collided with Don Braulio Polo y la Borda, who knew about indigenous people of the city, to the foot of Machu Picchu before. However, they had to turn back because of bad weather. Giesecke's knowledge and experiences were then the basis for Bingham's expedition.

On 24 July 1911 the ruins were rediscovered by an expedition from Yale University under the direction of Hiram Bingham's by accident. The settlement was overgrown with dense vegetation. Bingham was on the lookout for the mysterious Inca city of Vilcabamba, the Incas fled to the after Pizarro occupied Cuzco in 1536. Bingham thought he had found Vilcabamba to Machu Picchu. Today it is known that Vilcabamba 35 kilometers further away in the jungle.

In the years 1912 to 1913 Bingham began to expose the city. In 1915 he published a book about his exploration of Machu Picchu. Became famous Machu Picchu, as the National Geographic Society devoted their entire April 1913 issue of this city. It is also alleged that Bingham had discovered the city had two years before, and gave their time to create the gold in the United States.